Lignite is extracted in the extreme western and eastern parts of the country, mainly in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen and Brandenburg. Germany is also a major producer of coal. Nonetheless, in the first half of 2021, coal was the largest source of electricity in the country. This was down from 2013, when coal made up about 45% of Germany's electricity production (19% from hard coal and 26% from lignite). As of 2020, around 24% of the electricity in the country is generated from coal. Electricity production Ĭoal is the second-largest source of electricity in Germany. The biggest suppliers were Russia (45.4%), the United States (18.3%) and Australia (12.3%). After ending domestic production in 2018, Germany imported all 31.8 million tonnes of the hard coal it consumed in 2020. As of 2022, only lignite is still mined in Germany. Domestic hard coal mining has been completely phased out in 2018, as it could not compete with cheaper sources elsewhere and had survived only through subsidies. It was the fourth-largest consumer of coal in the world as of 2016. īecause of its rich coal deposits, Germany has a long tradition of using coal. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Germany announced that it wanted to build an LNG terminal at the North Sea port of Brunsbüttel to improve energy security. As of 2022, Germany does not have LNG terminals, so all gas imports use pipelines. 55% of gas imports come from Russia, 30% from Norway and 13% from the Netherlands. Around 95% of Germany's natural gas is imported, of which around half is re-exported. Germany is also the world's largest importer of natural gas, which covered more than a quarter of primary energy consumption in Germany in 2021. In 2021, Russia supplied 34.1% of crude oil imports, the US 12.5%, Kazakhstan 9.8% and Norway 9.6%.
Ībout 98% of oil consumed in Germany is imported. In 2021, Germany imported 63.7% of its energy. Oil consumption accounted for 34.3% of all energy use in 2018, and 23.7% of Germany's energy consumption came from gas. The country is the fifth-largest consumer of oil in the world. Germany is the sixth largest consumer of energy in the world, and the largest national market of electricity in Europe. Use of coal declined significantly after reunification. įossil fuel consumption in Germany, including combined former East and West from 1980 to 2011 from EIA data. However, the Russian invasion resulted in a radical shift in Germany's energy policy, with the goal of being almost completely independent of Russian energy imports by mid-2024. Due to this reliance, Germany blocked, delayed or watered down EU proposals to cut Russian energy imports amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Germany is highly dependent on Russian energy, as it gets more than half of the natural gas, a third of heating oil, and half of its coal imports from Russia. One study found that the nuclear phase-out caused $12 billion in social costs per year, primarily due to increases in mortality due to exposure to pollution from fossil fuels. The nuclear electricity production lost in Germany's phase-out was primarily replaced with coal electricity production and electricity importing. The policy includes phasing out nuclear power by 2022, and progressive replacement of fossil fuels by renewables. Key to Germany's energy policies and politics is the " Energiewende", meaning "energy turnaround" or "energy transformation". In 2021 Germany's electricity production reached 553.9 TWh, down from 631.4 TWh in 2013.
As of 2021, German primary energy consumption amounted to 12,193 Petajoule, with more than 75% coming from fossil sources, 6.2% from nuclear energy and 16.1% from renewables. Germany is seventh in global primary energy consumption as of 2020. The German economy is large and developed, ranking fourth in the world by nominal GDP. Energy in Germany is sourced predominantly by fossil fuels, followed by wind, nuclear power, solar, biomass (wood and biofuels) and hydro.
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